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Documents authored by Remscrim, Zachary

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DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.39
Lower Bounds on the Running Time of Two-Way Quantum Finite Automata and Sublogarithmic-Space Quantum Turing Machines

Authors: Zachary Remscrim

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 185, 12th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2021)

Abstract
The two-way finite automaton with quantum and classical states (2QCFA), defined by Ambainis and Watrous, is a model of quantum computation whose quantum part is extremely limited; however, as they showed, 2QCFA are surprisingly powerful: a 2QCFA with only a single-qubit can recognize the language L_{pal} = {w ∈ {a,b}^*:w is a palindrome} with bounded error in expected time 2^{O(n)}. We prove that their result cannot be improved upon: a 2QCFA (of any size) cannot recognize L_{pal} with bounded error in expected time 2^{o(n)}. This is the first example of a language that can be recognized with bounded error by a 2QCFA in exponential time but not in subexponential time. Moreover, we prove that a quantum Turing machine (QTM) running in space o(log n) and expected time 2^{n^{1-Ω(1)}} cannot recognize L_{pal} with bounded error; again, this is the first lower bound of its kind. Far more generally, we establish a lower bound on the running time of any 2QCFA or o(log n)-space QTM that recognizes any language L in terms of a natural "hardness measure" of L. This allows us to exhibit a large family of languages for which we have asymptotically matching lower and upper bounds on the running time of any such 2QCFA or QTM recognizer.
Cite as

Zachary Remscrim. Lower Bounds on the Running Time of Two-Way Quantum Finite Automata and Sublogarithmic-Space Quantum Turing Machines. In 12th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 185, pp. 39:1-39:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{remscrim:LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.39,
  author =	{Remscrim, Zachary},
  title =	{{Lower Bounds on the Running Time of Two-Way Quantum Finite Automata and Sublogarithmic-Space Quantum Turing Machines}},
  booktitle =	{12th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2021)},
  pages =	{39:1--39:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-177-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{185},
  editor =	{Lee, James R.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.39},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-135781},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2021.39},
  annote =	{Keywords: Quantum computation, Lower bounds, Finite automata}
}
Document
Track B: Automata, Logic, Semantics, and Theory of Programming
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2020.139
The Power of a Single Qubit: Two-Way Quantum Finite Automata and the Word Problem

Authors: Zachary Remscrim

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 168, 47th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2020)

Abstract
The two-way finite automaton with quantum and classical states (2QCFA), defined by Ambainis and Watrous, is a model of quantum computation whose quantum part is extremely limited; however, as they showed, 2QCFA are surprisingly powerful: a 2QCFA, with a single qubit, can recognize, with bounded error, the language L_{eq} = {a^m b^m :m ∈ ℕ} in expected polynomial time and the language L_{pal} = {w ∈ {a,b}^*:w is a palindrome} in expected exponential time. We further demonstrate the power of 2QCFA by showing that they can recognize the word problems of many groups. In particular 2QCFA, with a single qubit and algebraic number transition amplitudes, can recognize, with bounded error, the word problem of any finitely generated virtually abelian group in expected polynomial time, as well as the word problems of a large class of linear groups in expected exponential time. This latter class (properly) includes all groups with context-free word problem. We also exhibit results for 2QCFA with any constant number of qubits. As a corollary, we obtain a direct improvement on the original Ambainis and Watrous result by showing that L_{eq} can be recognized by a 2QCFA with better parameters. As a further corollary, we show that 2QCFA can recognize certain non-context-free languages in expected polynomial time. In a companion paper, we prove matching lower bounds, thereby showing that the class of languages recognizable with bounded error by a 2QCFA in expected subexponential time is properly contained in the class of languages recognizable with bounded error by a 2QCFA in expected exponential time.
Cite as

Zachary Remscrim. The Power of a Single Qubit: Two-Way Quantum Finite Automata and the Word Problem. In 47th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 168, pp. 139:1-139:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{remscrim:LIPIcs.ICALP.2020.139,
  author =	{Remscrim, Zachary},
  title =	{{The Power of a Single Qubit: Two-Way Quantum Finite Automata and the Word Problem}},
  booktitle =	{47th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2020)},
  pages =	{139:1--139:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-138-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{168},
  editor =	{Czumaj, Artur and Dawar, Anuj and Merelli, Emanuela},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops-dev.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2020.139},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-125468},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2020.139},
  annote =	{Keywords: finite automata, quantum, word problem of a group}
}
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